Resultados del primer registro nacional de fibrosis pulmonar idiopática en Chile / Results of the first national register of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La FPI es la neumonía intersticial idiopática más común, con cifras de incidencia y prevalencia que varían en el mundo por la poco uniforme manera de recolectar casos en los diferentes estudios. No hay cifras publicadas sobre la epidemiología de la FPI en Chile ni Latinoamérica. Se hace relevante conocerlas por la carga sanitaria que representan los pacientes con FPI y por la aprobación reciente de drogas antifibróticas de alto costo. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar un registro de pacientes con FPI atendidos por neumólogos chilenos de diversos regiones del país, con los medios diagnósticos que habitualmente utilizan en la vida real. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó una encuesta electrónica en línea diseñada por el grupo de enfermedades pulmonares difusas del Instituto Nacional del Tórax para registro de pacientes con diagnóstico de FPI según criterios ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT desde junio de 2015 a junio de 2017. RESULTADOS: 40 de los 200 neumólogos invitados enviaron casos de FPI de las 13 regiones del país, completando un total de 700 pacientes. 2/3 eran casos antiguos, un número similar de hombres y mujeres, 73% tienen patrón definitivo de UIP (Usual Interstitial Pneumonia) en tomografía axial computarizada, la mayoría eran pacientes sobre 60 años y en solo 16% se solicitó biopsia para diagnóstico. CONCLUSIONES: Un registro de 700 casos representa un número muy importante de pacientes con FPI en Chile que nos permite acercarnos a la caracterización de la cohorte y a fortalecer una red de especialistas dedicados al cuidado de estos pacientes y sus familias.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, with incidence and prevalence figures varying worldwide because of the inconsistent way of collecting cases in different studies. There are no published figures on the epidemiology of IPF in Chile or Latin America. It is relevant to know them because of the health burden of patients with IPF and the recent approval for treatment purposes of high cost antifibrotic drugs. The objective of this study was to develop a clinical registry of patients with IPF treated by Chilean pulmonologists from different regions of the country, using the diagnostic means they usually use in real life. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An online electronic survey was designed by the group of diffuse pulmonary diseases of the "Instituto Nacional del Tórax" to register patients with diagnosis of IPF from June 2015 to June 2017 according to ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT criteria. RESULTS: 40 of the 200 invited pulmonologists sent IPF cases from the country's 13 regions, completing a total of 700 patients. 2/3 were old cases, a similar number of men and women, 73% had definitive UIP pattern in CT, the majority were patients over 60 years old and in only 16% biopsy was requested for diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: A register of 700 cases represents a very important number of patients with IPF in Chile that allows us to approach the characterization of the cohort and to strengthen a network of specialists dedicated to the care of these patients and their families.

Diagnóstico diferencial en pacientes con granulomas en biopsias de pulmón, pleura y/o ganglios mediastínicos del Instituto Nacional del Tórax / Differential diagnosis in patients with granulomas in the biopsy of the lung, pleura and/or mediastinal nodes

Las enfermedades granulomatosas incluyen una amplia gama de enfermedades. Sin embargo, en la práctica clínica, muchos casos de enfermedad granulomatosa permanecen sin etiología después del examen histológico. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar, a partir de las biopsias de pulmón, pleura y ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos, en los que se informaron granulomas, las características clínicas y los diagnósticos de estos pacientes. Así también la mortalidad a un año de seguimiento. Metodología: Analizamos retrospectivamente biopsias de pulmón, pleura y/o ganglios linfáticos mediastínicos con granulomas de 75 pacientes del Instituto Nacional del Tórax (2012-2016), sus características clínicas y de laboratorio. La información se obtuvo de los registros médicos. Los datos de mortalidad se obtuvieron del registro civil. Resultados: Se determinó una etiología en todos los casos, excepto en 3 (4%). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron tuberculosis (n = 37; 49%) y sarcoidosis (n = 18; 24%). Otras causas fueron silicosis (5,3%), vasculitis (4%) y neumonitis por hipersensibilidad (2,7%). Los pacientes con tuberculosis (TB) tenían parámetros inflamatorios más altos, como velocidad de eritrosedimentación y proteína C reactiva. Además, sólo se encontraron granulomas con necrosis caseosa en pacientes con tuberculosis. En cambio, los pacientes con sarcoidosis tenían lesiones cutáneas y una mayor frecuencia de linfadenopatías. Cuatro (5.3%) pacientes fallecieron a un año de seguimiento: dos debido a neumonía, uno por hipersensibilidad crónica y uno por TB. Conclusión: La tuberculosis y la sarcoidosis fueron las causas más frecuentes de granulomas respiratorios en este estudio retrospectivo. Se logró determinar una etiología en el 96% de los casos, considerando variables clínicas, de laboratorio e histopatológicas para un diagnóstico diferencial correcto.

Granulomatous diseases comprise a wide range of pathologies. However, in clinical practice, many pulmonary granulomas remain without etiology after the histologic examination. Our aim was to determine from the biopsies of the lung, pleura and mediastinal lymph nodes in which granulomas were reported, the clinical characteristics and diagnoses of the patients. Methodology: We analyzed retrospectively biopsies of the lung, pleura and mediastinal lymph nodes with granulomas from 75 patients handled at our institution (2012-2016), as well as their clinical and laboratory data. The information was obtained from medical records. A one-year mortality date was obtained from the civil registry. Main results: A cause was determined in all the cases, except in three of them (4%). The most frequent diagnoses were tuberculosis (n =37; 49%) and sarcoidosis (n =18; 24%). Other causes were silicosis (5.3%), vasculitis (4%) and hypersensitivity pneumonitis (2.7%). Patients with tuberculosis (TB) had higher inflammatory parameters such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Besides granulomas with caseous necrosis were only found in TB patients. Instead, patients with sarcoidosis had skin lesions and a higher frequency of lymphadenopathy. Four patients (5.3%) died in a one-year of follow-up: two of them because of pneumonia and the other two patients because of chronic hypersensitivity and TB respectively. Conclusion: Tuberculosis and sarcoidosis were the most common causes of respiratory granulomas in this retrospective study. A specific cause was determined in 96% of cases, considering clinical, laboratory and histopathological variables to do a right differential diagnosis.

Pubertal breast development in primary school girls in Sokoto, North-western Nigeria

Background. There is wide variation in normal pubertal timing among various populations. Objectives. To determine the mean age of pubertal stages of breast development and menarche, and the influence of nutrition and ethnicity on pubertal onset in primary school girls in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria.Methods. A cross-sectional study using a multistage random sampling design was conducted on 994 primary school girls in grades 3 - 6. Weight and height measurements and Tanner breast staging were done. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and a BMI-for-age percentile was used to categorise nutritional status. There were four major ethnic groups. P≤0.05 was taken as showing statistical significance. Results. The participants' mean age was 10.23 years (standard deviation (SD) 1.70, range 6 - 15 years). Of the 994 girls, 628 (63.2%) were pre-pubertal, and 366 (36.8%) were pubertal. Of the latter, 158 (15.9%) were in breast stage 2, while 112 (11.3%), 70 (7.0%) and 26 (2.6%) were in breast stages 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The mean ages (SD; range) of pubertal onset and menarche were 10.50 (1.33; 8 - 13), and 12.67 (1.65; 11 - 15), years, respectively. The overnourished (overweight/obese) and Igbo ethnic group girls had early-normal pubertal onset (p=0.006 and p=0.001, respectively). Conclusion. The mean ages of Tanner breast stages 1 - 5 and menarcheal age of girls in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria, were within the age ranges reported worldwide. Pubertal onset was influenced by nutrition

Tuberculosis, los errores que cometemos: experiencia del Hospital San Juan de Dios / Tuberculosis, our mistakes: the experience at San Juan de Dios Hospital

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that in Chile is far from eradicated. To ask what improvements we could make, we must recognize from our experience at San Juan de Dios Hospital, the major mistakes which many of us do, both in the diagnosis and management of the disease. Possibly the most important, common and serious mistake, is to believe that tuberculosis is eradicated, because if we believe it does no longer exists, then we do not seek it, and leave undiagnosed infectious cases, keeping the reservoirs of the disease.

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa que en Chile está lejos de ser eliminada. Para plantear qué mejoras podríamos realizar para su control es necesario conocer los principales errores que según nuestra experiencia, en el Hospital San Juan de Dios, muchos de nosotros cometemos, tanto en el diagnóstico como en el manejo de la enfermedad. El más común y grave, posiblemente sea el de creer que la tuberculosis está erradicada, porque si creemos que ya no existe, no la buscaremos y dejaremos casos sin diagnosticar, manteniendo los reservorios que trasmiten la enfermedad.

Organización más allá de los algoritmos en la vía aérea dificultosa. "PENSAR globalmente y ACTUAR localmente" / Organization beyond the algorithms in the airway difficult. "THINK globally and ACT locally "

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto sobre la tasa de complicaciones en la intubación orotraqueal con la implementación de un protocolo de actuación en el manejo de la vía aérea. Materiales y Métodos: Pacientes admitidos al Servicio de Terapia Intensiva polivalente entre agosto de 2012 y marzo de 2014, que requirieron intubación orotraqueal. Se utilizó un protocolo de actuación "Pensar globalmente y Actuar localmente" durante el proceso de preintubación, intubación y posintubación, que incluye valoración de las vías aéreas, planes de seguridad, optimización cardiovascular y pulmonar. Las complicaciones fueron: 1) intubación dificultosa, 2) intubación esofágica, 3) traumatismo de la vía aérea superior, 4) broncoaspiración, 5) arritmias cardíacas, 6) paro cardiocirculatorio. Se compararon las tasas de complicaciones durante dos períodos: Período 1 (P1): de agosto de 2010 a julio de 2012, en el que se realizó la intubación orotraqueal mediante la Secuencia de Intubación Rápida, y Período 2 (P2): de agosto de 2012 a marzo de 2014, en el que se implementó el protocolo "Pensar globalmente y Actuar localmente". Se evaluaron características demográficas, puntajes APACHE II y SOFA, complicaciones de la intubación, estancia en Terapia Intensiva y mortalidad. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando la media, la desviación estándar y la prueba de Fisher para las variables cuantitativas y la prueba de χ2 para las variables dicotó- micas. Se consideró significativa una probabilidad de error <5% (p <0,05). Resultados: 374 pacientes requirieron intubación orotraqueal: 180 (48,1%) en el P1 y 194 (51,8%) en el P2; edad: 59 ± 18 años (P1) y 61 ± 18 años (P2); APACHE II: 18 (P1) y 16 (P2); SOFA: 8 ± 2 y 7 ± 3, respectivamente; complicaciones: P1, 24 (13%), P2, 7 (3,6%) (p <0,001); intubación dificultosa: P1, 8 (33,3%), P2, 1 (14,2%) (p <0,005); intubación esofágica: P1, 3 (12,5%), P2, 1 (14,2%); traumatismo de la vía aérea superior: P1, 5 (21,3%), P2, 2 (28,5%); broncoaspiración: P1, 4 (16,6%), P2, 1 (14,2%); arritmias: P1, 3 (12,5%), P2,2 (28,5%), paro cardiocirculatorio: P1, 1 (4,1%), P2: 0. Estancia en Terapia Intensiva: 13.5 ± 3 días (P1) y 12.8 ± 1.2 días (P2). Mortalidad 10% (P1) y 6,2% (P2) (NS). Conclusión: La aplicación de un protocolo para el manejo de la vía aérea redujo, con significación estadística, la tasa de complicaciones, en particular, la intubación dificultosa. (AR)

Objective: To evaluate the impact of a protocol for the management of the airway on the complication rate in tracheal intubation. Materials and Methods: Patients requiring orotracheal intubation admitted to the Intensive Care Unit from August 2012 to March 2014 were included. The "Think globally and Act locally" protocol was used during pre-intubation, intubation and after intubation, including assessment of the airway, safety plans, cardiovascular and pulmonary optimization. Complications: 1) difficult intubation, 2) esophageal intubation, 3) upper airway trauma, 4) aspiration, 5) arrhythmias, 6) cardiac arrest. Rates of complications were compared during two periods: Period 1 (P1): from August 2010 to July 2012 where orotracheal intubation was conducted through rapid sequence intubation, and Period 2 (P2) from August 2012 to March 2014, where "Think globally and Act locally" protocol was implemented. Demographic characteristics, APACHE II and SOFA scores, complications of intubation, length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit, and mortality were evaluated. Statistical analyses were performed using mean, standard deviation, and Fisher test for quantitative variables and chi square test for dichotomous variables; a probability of error <5% (p <0,05) was considered significant. Results: 374 patients required tracheal intubation: 180 (48.1%) during P1 and 194 (51.8%) during P2; mean age: 59 ± 18 years (P1) and 61 ± 18 years (P2); APACHE II score: 18 (P1) and 16 (P2); SOFA score: 8 ± 2 (P1) and 7 ± 3 (P2); complications: P1, 24 (13%); P2, 7 (3.6%) (p <0.001); difficult intubation: P1, 8 (33.3%), P2, 1 (14.2%) (p <0.005); esophageal intubation: P1, 3 (12.5%), P2, 1 (14.2%), upper airway trauma: P1, 5 (21.3%), P2, 2 (28.5%); aspiration: P1, 4 (16.6%), P2, 1 (14.2%); arrhythmias: P1, 3 (12.5%), P2, 2 (28.5%); cardiac arrest: P1, 1 (4.1%), P2, 0; stay in the Intensive Care Unit: 13.5 ± 3 (P1) and 12.8 ± 1.2 days (P2); mortality: 10% (P1) and 6.2% (P2) (NS). Conclusion: Implementation of a protocol for the management of the airway decreased complications with statistical significance, including difficult intubation.(AR)

Chlamydia Infection; Plasma Peroxidation and Obesity in Tubal Infertility

Background: Genital tract infections and obesity are both sources of oxidative stress. Alterations in immune and antioxidant parameters may arise from this or from an indeterminate autoimmune mechanism. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association of Chlamydial infection; obesity and oxidative response with tubal infertility in Nigerian women. Methods: It was a case-control study of 40 women with tubal infertility and 32 fertile women; respectively; recruited from the Infertility and Family Planning Clinics respectively; of the University College Hospital; Ibadan; Nigeria. Anthropometric indices were measured in each subject and endocervical swabs were taken to screen for current genital tract infection. Antioxidant; hormonal and immunologic analysis were performed on serum. Results: None of the subjects had current genital tract infections. Chlamydia trachomatis IgG positivity was significantly higher in infertile than in fertile subjects [OR 4.33; 95CI (0.078-0.681)]. No significant variations were observed in the anthropometric indices; antioxidant parameters and hormones between infertile and the fertile women. Body mass index correlated positively with oxidative stress in infertile subjects. Waist and hip circumferences correlated negatively with oestradiol in women with tubal infertility. Conclusion: Chlamydial infection is associated with tubal factor infertility; however; obesity seems to increase oxidative stress and reduce fertility potential in women with tubal factor infertility

Anti-Retroviral Therapy Induced Diabetes in a Nigerian

Background:Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) using Highly Active Anti-retroviral Therapy (HAART) has led to considerable reduction in morbidity and mortality associated with human Immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection.This has led to increased life expectancy in HIV infected individuals on one hand; and side effects of chronic administration of these drugs on the other. One of such untoward effects is the association of anti-retroviral drugs especially the protease inhibitors (PI's) with metabolic derangements such as dyslipi- daemia; lipodystrophy; insulin resistance and rarely Diabetes mellitus. Although there is extensive literature on this dysmetabolic syndrome in the Western World; there is to our knowledge no previous report from Nigeria. Objective: to report a case of diabetes mellitus following the initiation of anti-retroviral therapy. Methods: a case report of diabetes mellitus induced by anti-retroviral therapy in a 48 year old Nigerian male. Conclusion: Awareness and high index of suspicion is required to identify the metabolic complications of ART

Psorophora columbiae and Psorophora toltecum (Diptera: Culicidae) Colombian populations cannot be differentiated by isoenzymes

Two populations of the mosquito Psorophora columbiae from the central Andean area of Colombia and one population of Ps. toltecum from the Atlantic coast of Colombia were analyzed for 11 isoenzyme markers. Psorophora columbiae and Ps. toltecum are two of the main vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis. We found no conspicuous genetic differences between the two species. The relatively high gene flow levels among these populations indicate that these are not two different species or that there has been recent divergence between these taxa. In addition, no global differential selection among the loci was detected, although the alpha-GDH locus showed significantly less genetic heterogeneity than the remaining loci, which could mean that homogenizing natural selection acts at this locus. No isolation by distance was detected among the populations, and a spatial population analysis showed opposite spatial trends among the 31 alleles analyzed. Multiregression analyses showed that both expected heterozygosity and the average number of alleles per locus were totally determined by three variables: altitude, temperature and size of the human population at the locality. Individually, the expected heterozygosity is more related to these three variables than to the average number of alleles

Establecimiento y mantenimiento de una colonia de Aedes taeniorhynchus, Wiedemann, 1821 (Díptera: Culicidae) cepa Barranquilla, Colombia / Establishment and maintainance of a colony of Aedes taeniorhynchus, Wiedemann, 1821 (Diptera: Culicidae) strain Barranquilla, Colombia

Se estableció una colonia del mosquito Aedes taeniorhynchus, eficiente vector del virus de la encefalitis equina venezolana, tipo epidemo-epizoótico, a partir de formas adultas, recolectados en regiones cercanas a Barranquilla, Atlántico (Colombia). Se estudiaron algunos aspectos de la biología de este insecto (ciclo de vida y logevidad), elaboración de tablas de vida e igualmente se maximizaron algunos parámetros físicos, ambientales y nutricionales que garantizan el mantenimiento y la continuidad de la especie en condiciones de laboratorio. Esta colonia fue establecida con el objeto de proporcionar la materia prima biológica para los explantes de tejidos embrionarios que se han venido utilizando para establecer líneas celulares de crecimiento continuo